Alfred Schnittke

Alfred Schnittke 阿爾弗雷德·施尼特凱 (1934-1998), 俄羅斯作曲家。1934年11月24日出生于伏爾加河畔的恩格斯（Engels）。1946年在維也納接受音樂(lè)教育，1953-1961年回國(guó)后在莫斯科音樂(lè)學(xué)院隨戈盧別夫( Golubev）學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)位，隨拉科夫（Rakov）學(xué)習(xí)配器（此間曾與中國(guó)作曲家吳祖強(qiáng)同窗）。畢業(yè)后在該院執(zhí)教，后加入蘇聯(lián)作曲家協(xié)會(huì)。1977年創(chuàng)作的《大協(xié)奏曲》第一部（Concerto Grosso No. 1）為他帶來(lái)很高聲譽(yù)。小提琴家克雷默(Kremer)極為推崇并經(jīng)常演奏這部作品。他的許多作品都是應(yīng)知名演奏家和藝術(shù)家的邀請(qǐng)而作，其中包括巴什梅特（Yury Bashmet）、古特曼（Natalia Gutman）、羅日杰斯特文斯基、羅斯特羅波維奇等。
 
施尼特凱1988年初次訪問(wèn)了美國(guó)，他參加了 Making Music Together 音樂(lè)節(jié)，波士頓交響樂(lè)團(tuán)首演了他的《第一交響曲》。此后他多次訪美。二十世紀(jì)八十年代，他的作品在國(guó)際上受到越來(lái)越多的贊揚(yáng)，并經(jīng)常在一些著名的音樂(lè)節(jié)上演出，獲得過(guò)諸多獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，包括1991年獲奧地利國(guó)家獎(jiǎng)，1992年獲日本天皇獎(jiǎng)和1998年莫斯科的斯拉娃－格洛麗亞獎(jiǎng)（Slava-Gloria-Prize）。在十年之內(nèi)，他的作品被錄制了 50 多張專輯。
 
施尼特凱1990年定居德國(guó)漢堡，保持了德俄雙重市民資格。1998年8月3日逝世于漢堡。
 
施尼特凱是一位風(fēng)格廣泛、精力旺盛的作曲家。一重創(chuàng)作了九部交響曲，六部大協(xié)奏曲，四部小提琴協(xié)奏曲，兩部大提琴協(xié)奏曲和其他一些室內(nèi)樂(lè)、芭蕾和聲樂(lè)作品和四部歌劇。他的作品融合了巴洛克﹑爵士﹑十二音列等許多不同的因素，顯得炫麗多彩，還為60多部電影配樂(lè)。他的作品全集已由BIS 唱片公司已出版。
 
Upon his emergence in the West in the early 1980s, Alfred Schnittke became one of the most talked-about, recorded, and influential composers of the last decades of the twentieth century. Schnittke was born in 1934 in the Soviet Union to German parents. After living for several years in Vienna, he returned to Moscow to attend the Conservatory from 1953-1958. He returned there to teach instrumentation from 1962 through 1972. Thereafter, splitting his time between Moscow and Hamburg, he supported himself as a film composer. Schnittke composed nine symphonies, six concerti grossi, four violin concertos, two cello concertos, concertos for piano and a triple concerto for violin, viola and cello, four string quartets, ballet scores, choral and vocal works. His first opera, Life with an Idiot, was premiered in Amsterdam (April 1992). Two more operas, Gesualdo and Historia von D. Johann Fausten were unveiled in Vienna (May 1995) and Hamburg (June 1995) respectively. In 1985, Schnittke suffered a series of strokes, but nevertheless entered into the most creative period of his life. From 1990 until his death in 1998, he lived exclusively in Hamburg.
 
A Jewish-born Christian mystic, Schnittke had philosophical theories that permeated his music. According to his biographer Alexander Ivashkin, he believed a composer &should be a medium or a sensor remembering what he hears from somewhere else and whose mind acts as a translator only. Music comes from some sort of divine rather than human area.& (Alfred Schnittke, Phaedon Press 1995).